An Inconvenient Turth Essay Example for Free

An Inconvenient Turth Essay My explanation behind picking this theme is, on the grounds that I might want to find out about a dangerous atmospheric devation. What are the genuine risk's that we are looking because of an unnatural weather change? What would we be able to do to stop the surpassing quick paces of a worldwide temperature alteration? I might want to imform other about the new information that I get on the subect of globle warming. Al Gore educate how individuals use to Think concerning an Earth-wide temperature boost that the world was large enough and we could never have an issue. He additionally depicts an unnatural weather change as when the sun's radiation comes in, as light waves going through earth environment to warm the earth,and then it is re-transmitted go into space as infrared radiation, and a portion of the out going infrared radiation is caught by the earth air and warms it. This slim layer of air is being thicken by the entirety of the a dangerous atmospheric devation contamination that is being set up there. He talks about Mr. Roger Revelle as the primary individual to propose estimating carbon dioxide in the world's environment. After the main long periods of information he intuited what it implied for what was to come. He and a group of other planned the analysis in 1957 with the assistance of Mr. Charles David Keeling. they fired sending these climate expands up each day. The aftereffects of his estimations after just a couple of years it was frightening. He attracted the associations between the bigger changes our human advancement, and this example that was currently obvious in the climate of the whole plant, and afterward he anticipated into then future where this was going except if we make a few changes. Mount Kilimanjaro had icecaps 30 years back. what's more, presently it has all softened. Mr. Lonnie Thompson, examines icy masses, and predicts there will be no more snows of Kilimanjaro inside the following decade. Its likewise is going on in Glacier National Park, and all around the globe the ice is currently gone. He specifies about CO2 and temperature, when there is more carbon dioxide, the temperature gets hotter. He talk about this not even a political issue,but an ethical issue. It is profoundly deceptive. He had a heaps of confidence in the popularity based framework that these finding would be sufficiently convincing to cause a genuine change however they were n't. He talk about when the seas get hotter that cause more grounded storms prompting a loads of huge typhoons and an unsurpassed record in the U.S. of tornado, and in Japan record set for hurricanes. He contribute the changing of the period to a worldwide temperature alteration and changing nature plans. He likewise says that the consuming of timberlands and wildfires makes more co2 be pit into the air.what the entirety of this implies is our capacity to a have a future to live in the earth. I truly appreciate the film The film was very educating I showed signs of improvement thought regarding what's going on around the globe. I concur with Al Gore something must be finished. It was stunning to me about how everything interface together like a domino impact. I picture in my psyche how all these extraordinary mountains surrounding us is softening which is changing the temperature of the ocean, which cause huge numbers of the world's fiasco by storms. Man is decimating himself. It makes me think would we be able to return where their was not a bunches of innovation that dirtied our air. Can we genuinely discover an answer for this mas, mass, mass, issue are have we went to far of no arrival. I consider the air we inhale and the water we drink. I recall just around 40 yrs.ago when I was ten years of age, my grandma gave me where I could drink out a spring it was so spotless and excellent and crisp tasting, I prefer not to think in the event that I when back there to drink what sort of substance would be in that water now. Everything is being affected our food, the creature niches,and season is transforming we can't tell winter from fall or spring from summer and the creepy crawlies can't tell not one or the other. On the off chance that we have gone to far to stop all the issues, why not do, what we can do, to address what we can, for the eventual fate of our life on the earth.

Managing Staff Free Essays

The executives for any social insurance office has a wide range of jobs that they should finish. A human services administrator must have the option to deal with running the every day activities, complete any monetary obligations, and furthermore deal with the workers of the office. With regards to keeping the office appropriately staffed administration must know about what is required. We will compose a custom paper test on Overseeing Staff or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now To be certain that the office is appropriately staffed, a medicinal services supervisor ought to use a staffing plan. A staffing plan can show where representatives are expected to work any hours that the office needs. Annualizing is additionally significant provided that an office is to be run twenty-four hours per day, seven days seven days will require many staff individuals since one worker would not have the option to fill the entirety of the positions. In seeing any staffing requirements for an office the supervisor must mull over profitable and non-gainful time. Gainful time implies the time spent that is really worked by a worker. Non-gainful time would mean whenever the representative isn't grinding away; regardless of whether it is the end of the week, an occasion, wiped out time, excursion time, or an individual day. With regards to utilizing a staffing plan it is significant for the administrator to have this data set up in light of the fact that it will assist with demonstrating what genuine hours should be secured and what number of representatives it will take to cover those hours. There are two different ways to do a staffing plan; they are either done in the annualized strategy or by the booked position technique. In the annualized strategy the chief would take the non-gainful and profitable days of each staff individual and record for them in the equation that is utilized to fill the hours. In the booked position strategy the non-beneficial and profitable days are represented when filling a planned move. This is the reason recording non-beneficial and gainful days in a staffing plan are important on the grounds that the entirety of the hours of each staff part are represented. With regards to the expense for any human services office they can be attached to the staffing in an assortment of ways. In a staffing plan the expenses are ascribed to the measure of staff that is expected to cover the hours that are expected to run the office. It additionally can be ascribed to the compensation paces of every individual staff part and furthermore the advantages that each staff part is qualified for. This data can be kept in the books which will help in setting up a financial plan or a staffing plan. In the event that a social insurance director didn't approach this data they would not have the right data that is expected to appropriately staff and run the office on an everyday premise. A social insurance office is controlled by a staff that must give care to its patients, give day by day care, and handle authoritative obligations. Without legitimate staffing an office can't be run appropriately and the nature of care that the patients get will endure which thusly can influence the general notoriety of the office. To guarantee this doesn't occur, the board must have quality staff individuals and furthermore to ensure that the entirety of the hours are appropriately secured. Reference Bureau of Labor Statistics. (January 2012). Word related Outlook Handbook. Recovered from http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos014. htm Step by step instructions to refer to Managing Staff, Essay models

Writing Informative Speech Essays For Your Dissertation

Writing Informative Speech Essays For Your DissertationIn most cases, a person who has just become a student may find that the dissertation topic for their educational requirements is a large obstacle to writing a well-formulated and informative speech essay. It would appear that not only do most people who read academic writing struggle with the level of research they need to make in order to correctly complete their assignment, but also with the amount of research they are able to understand. Even if this is not the case, it is often difficult to think about your subject matter in detail and completely articulate what you are attempting to do.With this in mind, many people seek ways to help them make sure that they can write effective, detailed and informative speech essays. One of the best ways to do this is to start researching the topic. This could be accomplished by asking your professor or another qualified source about their own dissertation topics and how they accomplished t hem. Once you have these sources to work from, you can then use their information to provide you with the structure that you need to write an informative speech essay.Once you have decided on the topic for your academic requirements, you should then begin to think about your educational needs. Your educational needs may include such things as the skill level required for your topic, the number of students for your class, and your anticipated grade level. Remember, if your topic requires greater research or that you are a student at an institution that specializes in high-stakes assignments, then you will want to be sure that your education and career goals are in line with your dissertation topic.In order to begin to learn about the different types of essay topics, you should know that there are two basic types of informational speech essays. These are the narrative type and the essay type. The narrative is also sometimes referred to as 'narrative'. Narrative based essays are most c ommonly used to support a thesis statement, or to offer background information that is essential to establishing a strong argument.The other type of essay, which is also commonly referred to as the essay, is designed to provide more in-depth and comprehensive information on the particular theme of the thesis statement. Essays are most often used to support one aspect of a thesis, or to provide background information to an argument that you are working on. You may also write an essay that is completely separate from your thesis statement, especially if the topic has nothing to do with your school's educational requirements. This type of essay is referred to as a counterpoint.There are three broad areas that you can utilize to help you with your informative speech essay topics. These are the topic, argument, and response. The first one is very important as it is what creates the original question that you will need to answer. In this category, you will find these types of speeches: an Introduction, Article, Summary, Argument, Responses, Conclusion, Audience Response, Discussion, Discussion Group Response, Resolutions, Final Report, and Final Comments.As previously mentioned, there are two general ways that people choose to organize and sort their essay topics. The first way is to sort them by specific subjects that are related to the topic, which can also be referred to as grouping topics. The second way is to sort them by the types of points that they are trying to make, which can also be referred to as types.When it comes to choosing the topics for your dissertation or persuasive and informative speech, you need to make sure that you know all of the information that you need to have. With this, you will then be able to focus on the research that you need to do to produce the quality information that you need.

Life Experiences And Formative Learning - 2483 Words

Life experiences and formative learning is the cornerstone in developing the personal framework that drives our internal fire to reach for the stars. The structure of our family, formative time with teachers, and friendships early in our life begin to mold how we think of the world. â€Å"This formative learning occurs in childhood both through socialization (informal or tacit learning of norms from parents, friends, and mentors that allows us to fit into society) and through our schooling† (Mezirow, 1991, p.1). During the first year of coursework in the doctoral program at Concordia University, the impact of actively engaging with the curriculum, I found looking within my own set of values the key to transforming into a school leader and resolute individual. Richards (2011) details out a common thread among good teaching and interpreting experiences, â€Å"Who we are as educators shapes the tenor of our classes and impacts how and what students learn† (p. 784). T his is the mantra of Concordia professors during phase one of the doctoral program. Ethics are the principles, values, and beliefs that define what is right and wrong behavior. Leadership is the process of influencing others to achieve goals. Over this year, I formed a solid Ethos of leadership principles I use to address different situations and influence people who I come into contact with on a regular basis. My parents were very young, so it seemed I was growing up with them, which was unusual in the 1960s. BothShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Formative Assessment1119 Words   |  5 Pages 3.1 Discussion To understand better the achievements of this research we find it important to refresh our mind with what we know about formative assessment and summative assessment. Gipps (1994) defines formative assessment as the assessment that â€Å"boosts the use of assessing feedback to advance teaching and learning while encouraging â€Å"curriculum planning.† As for summative assessment, Earl, L. (2004), defines it as the assessment which â€Å"is frequently used to give grades and marks to learnersRead MoreAssessment as a Process of Making Judgements of Learners Knowledge, Skills and Competence Against Set Criteria661 Words   |  3 Pagesthe breadth and depth of learning†. Assessments are used in all areas and domain of everyday life, whether formal or informal, ranging from taking a written or practical driving test to claims for income support or acquiring life insurance on-line. Assessment is used to make a specific educational decision and is the process of evaluating the extent to which participants in education have developed their knowledge, understanding and skills. Assessment, both formative and summative, plays a significantRead MoreSoftware to Support Assessments Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagestranspired as an aid within the educational sector. Technology has now become the teaching and learning dynamic of the twenty-first century and it will begin to broaden beyond this point. Technology has given the educational sector tools that will assist in teaching and learning, but through software that is able is support assessment in the classroom. This proposal will present the difference between formative and summative assessments giving an understanding on how technology can be used to facilitateRead MoreScotland Re Evaluated Assessment Strategies Essay967 Words   |  4 Pagesfor learning (Aifl) initiative implemented in 2002 which aimed to improve ch ildren’s life chances through a more coherent system (Gov.scot, 2005). The revised system, A Framework for Assessment (BtC5), incorporates principles of Curriculum for Excellence (CFE) and the values of Aifl, which collectively aim to support pupil progression. Furthermore, they aim to build confident individuals and successful learners (Educationscotland.gov.uk, 2008) who are active participants in their own learning andRead MoreThe Planning Process Used For The Backward Design1324 Words   |  6 Pagesalignment that proposes a complete alignment of; the learning outcomes, the assessment tasks, and the teaching and learning experiences (Readman Allen, 2013, p. 15). UbD and constructive alignment are both grounded in the belief that learners construct their own understandings and knowledge of the outcomes, and show their learning through application. The central focus during the development of Stage 1 was to determine the desired learning outcomes for the unit. The mentor teacher advised theRead MoreTraining Evaluation : Light Of Gagne s Model And Return On Investment816 Words   |  4 Pageschanges in an economy, or an individual’s life. Armed with this knowledge, the average individual craves education, and is willing to invest time, energy, and money in attaining one. Societies have created formalized educational systems to fulfill the educational needs of citizens. In today’s society, education is a competitive business; therefore, training programs are often evaluated in order to ensure that they are productive, relevant and efficient. Formative and summative assessment methods are usuallyRead MoreReview a Range of Different Assessment Methods Available and Explain the Ones You Would Use for Your Subject Area. Evaluate the Use of Assessment Methods in Different Contexts, Including Reference to Initial Assessme nt.809 Words   |  4 Pages(Brown amp; Smith 1997). All my learners undergo various forms of assessment including formative and summative. According to the New2Teaching organisation There are several reasons why teachers assess pupils progress. Some of these reasons include: * to find out about the  pupils as individuals * to find out how  pupils learn * to monitor and provide evidence of the progress  pupils make in their learning * to enable constructive guidance about how  pupils can improve * to informRead MoreAssessment for Learning Approach: An Analysis1583 Words   |  6 Pageswhether or not an assessment for learning (AfL) approach directly challenges more traditional forms of learner identity and practice. We will touch upon key assessment theory insights and recent assessment changes as they manifest themselves in the Irish Education System of assessment at the second level. As we will see in this essay, Surely, the school curriculum is in many ways akin to a well-stocked took kit. It has a number of different types of tools, tests and formative assessments combined. OnlyRead MoreDifferent Types Of Assessment Now1087 Words   |  5 PagesDIAGNOSTIC, FORMATIVE AND SUMMATIVE: In an educational setting, diagnostic assessment is a type of assessment which examines what a student knows and can do prior to a learning program being implemented. Formative assessment might be a teacher or peer, providing feedback on a student s work and would not necessarily be used f or grading purposes. Summative assessment is generally carried out at the end of a course or project and evaluative. OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE: Assessment (either formative or summative)Read MoreChanges in Algerian Foreign Policy Under Bouteflikas Leadership1237 Words   |  5 Pagescoerced adaptation to a changing environment? Did Bouteflika learn from his past diplomatic experience? Or, did he benefit from any learning processes while he was away from office? It appears to be logical to admit that the conduct of Bouteflika’s foreign policy cannot be explained without reference to his formative years and political socialisation, his personal beliefs and goals as well as his past experience, and the evolving national and international circumstances in which he reigned. Taken together

Loss or Damage of goods - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2338 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Logistics Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Statement of fact 1. Loss or Damage of goods between delivery of goods and their loading on the ship as well as the completion of discharge all are governed by the national law. A solution that normally avoids such duality of regimes was found by the Hamburg Rules, pursuant to which the period of responsibility of the carrier covers the period during which the carrier is in charge where the goods are loaded, during the carriage and at the port of discharge. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Loss or Damage of goods" essay for you Create order Normally, the goods at taken in charge and are delivered outside the port areas. But none of the existing instruments applies to the whole contract period when the carrier undertakes to take the goods in charge at the door of the shipper and to deliver them at the door of the consignee, as gradually has become more and more frequent with the advent of containers. The industry has since 1971 felt the need for a unique instrument governing the whole transport performed by different modes and BIMCO issued a form of combined transport bill of lading which, after setting out general rules on the liability and constraint of liability of the carrier, that where the loss or damage occurred can be proved in international conventions or the national law, the carrier and the merchant are entitled to liability determined by the provision which cannot be departed from to the detriment of the merchant and would have applied if the merchant had made a separate contract with the carrier in res pect of that particular stage of transport where loss or damage occurred. In such rules the general provision on the liability of the carrier based on article 5(1) of the Hamburg Rules, but for loss, damage or delay in respect of goods carried by sea the exemptions granted by article 4(2)(a) and (b) of the Hague- Visby Rules apply as well as the due diligence obligation to make the sip seaworthy at the commencement of the voyage. 2.Continuous development of electronic communications and the fact that so far the attempts to create a workable system allowing the replacement of paper documents by electronic records have not been successful, the provisions regulating such possible replacement have been drafted in such a way as to allow their application whatever future system may in the future be envisaged. 3. When it was considered whether and to which extent the sub-contractors of the carrier, called performing parties, should be subject to the Rotterdam Rules and liable to b e sued by the shipper or consignee, it was decided that it would be convenient to do so only in respect of services rendered at sea or in the ports and therefore the notion of maritime performing party was created, thereby incorporating in the Rotterdam Rules the principles on which the Himalaya clause is based. Article 19(5), therefore extends the rule adopted in article 10 of the Hamburg Rules to sub -contractors performing services ashore but within the port areas and provides that a obligation and liabilities imposed on the carrier which is the maritime performing party and they are also entitled to the carriers defenses and the limits of liability as provided in the Rotterdam rules. 4. In the Hamburg rules and Hague- Visby rules does not have any conditions in respect of the rights and the obligation of the parties relating to the delivery of the goods after their arrival at destination. The problems that may arise are instead various: from the right of the carrier to withho ld the goods if freight is not paid, to its powers in case nobody appears to take delivery of the goods, or to the request of delivery by a person that has failed to properly identify itself or that does not surrender the negotiable transport document. All such problems must therefore be solved on the basis of either the proper law of the contract or the lex fori and the ensuing uncertainty is obvious. Discussion 1. This discussion aim is to compare the Rotterdam Rules (RR) and Hague Visby Rules (HVR) and to explore the main differences between them in order to identify the RR advantages. The HVR are viewed as a documentary approach, this can be clearly seen in article 1 Definition of contract of carriage. In contrast The RRs basic approach is contractual which is supplemented by a combination of a type of trade and a documentary approach. Definition of contract of carriage The HVR contract of carriage (article 1. b) provision is validated only once bill of lading or document of title is issued and does not work on the basis of the obligations of the parties. While the RR contract of carriage rule (article 1.1) defines the obligation of the carrier which is the carriage of goods against payment from one place to another. The Rotterdam Rules also differ in the fact that the rule is extended to the carriage by other modes if the parties have agreed accordingly. In comparison to The HV definition the RR of contract of carriage gives a broader definition with wider application which includes multimodal issues. Geographical scope of application The HVRs of Geographical scope of application Article 10, it is compulsory that either the bill of lading or the port of loading be located in a contracting State, or when national legislation giving effect to them is incorporated in the bill of lading. The HVRs are not relevant to a contract from a port located in a non-contracting State to a port of discharge located in a contracting State. Also nations of who have adopted the HVRs may be implemented with variations under national legislation. Under this application issues of considerable uncertainty and of lack of homogeny arise resulting in misinterpretation and varying judgements in matters of dispute. As per the Article 5 in RR, geographical scope of application is the places of delivery and receipts (door to door contracts). The RRs apply regardless of whether a bill of landing or similar document was issued or not. Period of application and period of responsibility of the carrier Defined under article 1(e) of the HVR, the period of their application is from the beginning of loading of the goods on the ship to the completion of their release from the ship. Therefore the carrier responsibility under the HVR begins at the time of loading and ends at time of discharge. As a result of this the carrier period of responsibility does not cover the goods before their loading on board ship or after their release even though the carrier is in charge of the goods throughout this period of time. Article 12.1of the RR the period of application and the period of responsibility of the carrier match with that during which the carrier is in charge of the goods, The carrier shall be responsible for the goods from receipt until delivery not from loading to discharge. Obligations and Liability of the carrier The obligations of the carrier under the HVR (article 2, article 3.1 3.2) is to make the ship seaworthy at the beginning of the voyage, to care for the cargo and to exercise due diligence. However, the carrier is relieved from the obligation of providing a seaworthy ship once sailed from the port. In the RR (article 11, article 13.1 13.2, article 14) also includes the above obligations. However, there is no such exception regarding a ships seaworthy once departed from the port and throughout the journey. The carrier remains obligated to take all possible actions to maintain a seaworthy ship. When comparing Liability of the carrier of the HVR ( article 4.1 4.2) and the RR the main difference is the HVR pardoned from liability a) with respect to damage of goods or loss arising or resulting from unseaworthiness unless caused by the breach by the carrier of his due diligence obligation and, b) and the damage to the goods arising from fault of the master, mariner, pilot, in the m anagement of the ship and for damage to the goods due to fire caused by fault of the crew. However, the RR (article 17.1, 17.2, 17.3) states that the carrier is always liable for loss, damage or delay caused by fault of the carrier, his servants or agents. Obligations and liability of the shipper The HVR have three provisions on the obligations and liability of the shipper in article 3.5, 4.2 4.6 although The RR regulate in chapter 7 (articles 27-34) details the obligations and the liability of the shipper in more depth. The main difference of the RR is special rules for dangerous goods and documentary inaccuracies in relation to such goods. Under the obligation the shipper has to inform the transporter of the precarious nature of the goods to mark or label such goods in accordance with any applicable law or regulation. If the shipper fails to comply with his obligations he is strictly liable for all loss or damage which may result and is not entitled to limit. Limitation of liability and time of suit As with HVR the carrier loses his right to limit if the loss, damage or delay results from a personal act or omission done with intent or recklessly knowing that the loss or damage would probably result. The carrier also loses his right to limit if he carries goods on deck in breach of an express agreement to carry them under deck. The type of claims in respect of which the carrier may claim the right to limit has also been expanded under the RR to now include claims of tort and bailment and also mis-delivery (article 59.1). This is wider in scope than the provision under the HVR, which limited the right to limit to claims for loss or damage related to the goods. Under the RR time for suit has been extended from the HVR 1 year period to 2 years. The RR has raised levels Liability compensation, the carriers liability is limited to 3 SDRs per kilo or 875 SDRs per package. At present The HVR limits carriers liability to 2 special drawing rights (SDRs) per kilo or 666 SDRs per pa ckage whichever is the higher. 2. The following elements of the RR do not exist under the HVR of 1968. Changes in technology, trade and disputes of liability have validated the provisions of Electronic Commerce, Delivery of the Goods, Maritime Performing Parties, and Transfer of rights, Jurisdiction, Arbitration and Carriage beyond the sea leg to be included. Electronic Commerce Under the RR all the transport documents are recorded in an electronic transport document record, with the consent that the electronic transport record is with the carrier and the shipper. It should also have the same effect as the transport document (or bill of landing), possession or transfer of a transport document. It is anticipated that by including such provisions the Convention will be equally applicable to electronic trading. Delivery of the Goods As per the contract of carriage, the consignee has to accept the delivery of goods within the specified time period and at the decided location in the contract, and if the consignee fails to follow the terms of agreed agreement, the following could occur, Customs. Usages or practices of the trade. The circumstances of the carriage. In addition under the RR provisions a carrier can deliver the goods without production of the original transport document in prescribed circumstances, where the transport document which states delivery of goods without production. However the method is evaded with caution and does not give total protection to a carrier, in particular if a third party has acquired rights against the carrier before delivery, of which the carrier is most unlikely to be aware. Rights of the controlling party: The right of control is limited for the controlling party in the following ways: Right to modify in respect of goods, that does not constitute any variation in the contract of carriage. Right to obtain delivery of goods. Right to replace the consignee by any other person including the controlling party. Maritime Performing Parties Performing party is a person(s) or party that performs contract of carriage under carriers obligation with all the obligations of the receipts, loading, handling, unloading and delivery of the goods. Introduced under The RR obligations and liabilities of maritime performing parties says a party other than the contracting carrier who performs any part of the sea leg or provides services ancillary to the sea leg. Stevedores and terminals acting normally as sub-contractors of the carrier would be maritime performing parties as would sea carriers performing under an e.g. a bill of lading, now Transport Document. Such a performing party is subject to the same liabilities and responsibilities as the carrier but essentially only whilst it has custody of the cargo. Regardless, the carrier remains liable in the contract of carriage for the whole performance. Transfer of rights: Article 57 of the RR regulates the manner in which the holder of a negotiable transport document may transfer the rights incorporated therein. Article 58 regulates the situations in which the holder of a negotiable transport document assumes liabilities under the contract of carriage. Jurisdiction and Arbitration Under the Court Jurisdiction provision of the RR, a claimant with a wide choice of jurisdictions connected with the carriage namely domicile of the carrier, unloading port, delivery of the goods, or discharge port, in which to bring claims. It also prevents a carrier from commencing pre-emptive proceedings. The provision provide parties with the contract of carriage where they can agree the carriage of goods and its related disputes under the RR can be referred to arbitration and that the arbitration proceedings shall take place either as agreed in the arbitration agreement or at the option of the claimant in any of the jurisdictions specified under the jurisdiction provisions. Carriage beyond the sea leg In contract of carriage between states, the following rules will apply: Place of receipt Port of loading Place of delivery Port of discharge is in a contracting State (Article 5, Rule 1). It will not apply to charter parties for use of a ship neither in liner transportation or carriage in non liner transportation until there is no charter party and a transport document is issued (Article 6 Rules 1 2).

Islamic State Of Iraq And Syria ( Isis ) Profile And...

The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS): Profile and Analysis By: John Prola HMLS 302-6980 Professor Rebecca Himes March 29, 2015 University of Maryland University College The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS): Profile and Analysis Prior to September 11, 2001 The United States of America did not have the proper tools to proactively prevent and respond to a major terrorist attack. After seeing the preparation and planning of the attacks on the World Trade Centers in New York City and realizing that it happened within American borders, policy makers were left scrambling to come up with new laws and policies to prevent this from happening again. There are hundreds of terrorist groups throughout the world but†¦show more content†¦One of the newest and most dangerous terrorist groups is the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, also known as ISIS and formerly known as al Qaeda in Iraq. Tracing back to Osama Bin Laden, this Islamic militant group was formed in October of 2006 after several jihadist groups merged together to form what would be known as the Islamic State of Iraq (Al-Monitor, 2015). The group is an Islamic extremist group that follows the Islamism religion. Many Muslims believe that their relig ion should â€Å"guide social and political as well as personal life† but this jihadi group of individuals are extremists (Berman, 2003). There are just over 1 billion Muslims in the world and of them about 10 million are what is known as Salafi jihadists, who believe that through war they will expand the Muslim culture so that the entire world will follow their beliefs (Livesey, 2005). ISIS follows the Salafi jihadist religion very closely and promotes it with violence and instilling fear in ordinary citizens. As of 2010 the group has been led by 44 year old Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi who was born in Samarra, Iraq (BBC News, 2014). Since becoming the ISIS leader, Al-Baghdadi was rarely seen until recently. Some sources believe that this is because the leader before him, Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi, was killed by a U.S. airstrike in 2006 after his whereabouts were discovered. The National Counterterrorism Center currently has him listed as one of their most wanted terrorists with a reward of

Serving IT Governance Professionals

Question: Discuss about the Serving IT Governance Professionals. Answer: According to Australian Accounting Standards Board, AASB 108, provision for bad debts is an estimate made by the company and any changes in such estimates do not result in prior period items or correction of errors. Such change shall be recognised prospectively by the company in the period of change and in such other periods, which are materially affected. 1. It implies there should not be any retrospective amendments. It is very natural for such estimates to get revised with the period of time. The concern to be addressed is how willingly is the management willing to rectify such changes and estimates in its financial statements. In case of material misstatements, the auditor should revise the audit planning and perform additional procedures. The auditor should further communicate with the appropriate level of management and ask them to adjust. If the management adjusts, then ok else issue a qualified or adverse opinion in the audit report. 2. According to Australian Accounting Standards Board AASB 102, Inventory should be valued at cost or net realisable value, whichever is lower. In the given case, the retailer values inventory at sales less sales margin, which is Incorrect. Any valuation of the inventory at amounts not equal to the cost or net realizable value shall remain unacceptable and hence, void. Hence, the auditor should ask the management to adjust such discrepancy, else issue a qualified or adverse audit opinion. The auditor should also try to communicate with those charged with governance before making any decision and only if, the top managerial persons refuse to make the desired and proposed changes, the auditor should give a disclaimer/ adverse opinion. 3. The auditor should carefully analyse all the matters and activities which pose a significant impact on the businesss long term or the short term position. In the given case, the auditor should carefully study the impact of the main customer, as his impact on the business of The Block Company is material as he purchases 45% of the stock of the company. Any activity should be considered as material if it contributes to an increased proportion of the companys sales and revenues and thereby, profits. All the items of a business which are considered material should be dealt with with due diligence by the auditor and more attention has to be paid on such increasing or decreasing trends, as these pose to form a lawful audit evidence. The auditor should consider it as a material effect and make adequate disclosures about the same in his audit report. 4. According to Australian Accounting Standards Board, AASB 116, any property, plant or equipment, from which any economic future benefits are derived shall be measured and recognised at cost only. Any discrepancy shall not be considered as valid and correct. In the given case, the buildings would be valued and shown in balance sheet at the cost only, i.e. at $ 12 million. Hence, the auditor should ask the management to adjust such discrepancy, else issue a qualified or adverse audit opinion. Before making any decision, the auditor should effectively communicate with those charged with governance, and only if, the top managerial persons refuse to make the desired and proposed changes, the auditor should give a disclaimer/ adverse opinion. 5. According to Australian Accounting Standards Board, AASB 102, The inventories should be valued according to the First in first out method (FIFO) or the weighted average formula. Any discrepancy shall not be considered as valid and correct . Since the company refuses to change its cost formula to FIFO, as an auditor, you can give a qualified or adverse audit opinion. 6. According to ISACA (2009), U.S.A, the management of the company is responsible for the identification, disclosure and accounting of the related party transactions. If the auditor find that such related party disclosures are not being made, then, he should decide whether the financial statements of the company are misleading due to the above effects and if yes, then communicate it with those charged with governance and reflect in the audit report as qualified/ adverse opinion. The customer is provided only with the sales order number, and not handled any invoice. In such a case, the delivery person may try to take undue advantage of the firm and it would indirectly promote a means of committing fraud. As a remedy, the company should provide a copy of the invoice to the customer by online means, so that he is able to have a legal proof against the company in case of any default made by the company. The customer profile should be carefully evaluated before proceeding for cash on delivery orders. The customer profile over here would include the geographical location of the customer, feasibility of the company in delivering the products to such areas, the liquidity position of the customer and his past record. A proper analysis of the customers profile would help the company in analysis of any intentional inconvenience proposed to be made by the prospective customer. In the era of online marketing, there are many customers, who tend to easily place cash on delivery orders, but, at the time of such delivery, strictly refuse to make the payment or bear any costs incurred by the company for effecting such delivery. In such a case, the company becomes the victim and has to bear unnecessary avoidable costs. So, the company should take adequate precautions and beforehand, conduct an analysis of the customers profile. Not everyone interested should be allowed to place orders on a cash on delivery payment system. For an effective internal control system, both the cash department and the billing department should be handled over by two different managerial staffs, in order to reduce the possibility of intentional frauds by such staff. If both the departments are handled by a single individual, the particular individual might, either out of revenge for the business in which he works, or intending his personal gains, might indulge himself in activities which hamper the business ethics and policies and causes huge losses to the company. For example, if both the cash receipt department and the billing department are handled by a single person, then, he might give unreasonable discounts on purchase of the companys goods to one of his relatives and bill such amount at the unreasonable rate. This would result in losses to the profits of the business firm. If the transactions per day of the company consists of huge amount of cash, then, instead of depositing it at the safe overnight, it should be deposited in the bank immediately, so as to ensure safety and prevent embezzlement of cash. Higher amounts of cash kept at the safe are more prone to thefts and frauds. If the company keeps such higher amounts at the locker safe overnight, adequate security staff should also have to be hired for the protection of such huge sums of money. it will not only lead to increased costs to the company, but, will also be a issue of reliability of such security staff. Also, the keys of the safe locker should be kept protected and safe. The staff manager should not be blindly relied upon, in case of cash deposits in the bank, the company should ensure that the director or any working member should assist the staff manager in depositing money at the bank. Due to the will of taking any past revenge from the firm, or with the intention of having his own personal gains, he can attempt to benefit himself and cause losses to the firm, by incorrect cash depositions, which is not in the favour of the firm. Hence, the firm should not excessively depend or trust on any individual/ group of individuals. References ISACA- Serving IT Governance Professionals (2009), IS standards, guidelines and procedures for auditing and control professionals Gay G, R, Simnett Auditing and assurance services in Australia, McGraw-Hill, revised 5th edition, 2012. Auditing and assurance standards board, Australian auditing standards, Australian government Available: https://www.auasb.gov.au/Pronouncements/Australian-Auditing-Standards.aspx. American Accounting Association , EvansIII, Harry John Australian accounting review. Kimmel, Paul D. , Jerry J. Weygandt and Donald E. Kieso Financial Accounting : Tools for Business Decision Making, 6th ed. Hoboken, 2011

Beowulf Literary Analysis Essay Essays

Beowulf Literary Analysis Essay Essays Beowulf Literary Analysis Essay Essay Beowulf Literary Analysis Essay Essay Essay Topic: The Winters Tale Winters Bone Ronis Aba September 27th, 2012 Period 6th â€Å"No better king had ever lived, no prince so mild, no man so open to his people, so deserving of praise. † This is an ultimate description of the heroic events of Beowulf, an old Anglo-Saxon poem about a warrior who battles and destroys three horrifying monsters. Although written long ago, the emotions expressed within this work, emotions of bravery, valor, and ethics still speak to us centuries later. The anonymous author of the poem convinces us through the masterful use of various literary elements that emphasize its meaning and message. Conflict, imagery and setting are three literary elements that contribute to the effectiveness of the poem. The use of conflict aids us to visualize the struggles between Beowulf and his opposing forces. To begin with, we are first introduced to Beowulf’s strength as we read lines 390-392; â€Å"and the bleeding sinew deep in [Grendel’s] shoulder snapped, muscle and bone split and broke. † This first battle exemplifies the readers respect towards Beowulf; this clearly demonstrates that the readers are in fact in awe of Beowulf’s strength and capability to fight Grendel with his bare hands. Furthermore in the story, we learn that Grendel’s mother â€Å"rose at once† and â€Å"repaid [Beowulf] with her clutching claws† (lines 513-517). This passage shows the readers, not only the struggle but, the effort Beowulf put forward to defeating Grendel’s mother in the hopes of glorification to his people and maintaining his pride. Finally, in lines 768-775, we read, â€Å"I swear that nothing ever did deserve an end like this†¦. As he dove through the dragon’s deadly fumes. † This final battle grants the readers with the logic of suspense. This is an epic scene because it is shown to the readers that Beowulf is indeed aware that this is his final battle meaning, with or without help, he would have to go to ultimate ends in order to complete his mission of defeating the dragon. Finally, these are just some of the many conflicts that help us understand the fights between Beowulf and his differing opponents. Another literary element that offer meaning to the poem is imagery, by simply allowing the readers to envision the events of the story. In the first part of the story (129-134), Beowulf is described as coming over â€Å"seas beating at the sand† while â€Å"the ship foamed through the sea like a bird. † This scene truly guides the readers to admire the vivid description of how proud and tough the ship looks. This ship in this case, becomes a metonymy for Beowulf himself, who is certainly proud and strong, resulting in the readers’ admiration. Additional imagery is used describing the mere, or lake, discussed above, with â€Å"storms [an] waves splash[ing] towards the sky, as dark as the air as black as the rain that the heavens weep† (440-442). This clearly illustrates how dreadful Grendel and his mothers’ home is. It intensely aids us to picture how grotesquely unpleasant the lake actually is. Near the end of the tale (lines 651-653], Beowulf â€Å"[strides] with his shield at his side and a mail shirt of his breast†¦.. Toward the tower, under the rocky cliffs. † While Beowulf awaits the battle, the description of his armor and the details of each entry help us to respect how ready he is for his concluding battle. Even as an elderly man, Beowulf is a hero beyond compare. In closing, the use of imagery greatly enriches the readers’ experience of this heroic epic. Evidently, the setting of Beowulf helps the readers to better understand the cultures and events that occur in the story. In lines 60-63, the mead hall (Herot) is described as â€Å"[standing] empty, and stay[ing] deserted for years, twelve winters. † This makes the readers feel and understand the seriousness of Grendel’s attack. Before Grendel, Herot was described as a beautiful and happy place, and so the readers feel terrible regret when it is destroyed by the creature. Later in the story, we are shown the lair under which Grendel and his mother lives: â€Å"secret places, windy cliffs† and a lake which â€Å"at night†¦.. Burns like a torch† (424-433). This passage shows the readers the monstrous, awful conditions of where the monsters lived. It also causes us to feel disgust and revulsion at their horrible habitat. Finally, in the episode with the dragon, its cave is depicted as a â€Å"hidden entrance† with â€Å"a streaming current of fire and smoke block[ing] the passage† (lines 659-661). The cave is intimidating, helping the readers to believe that the upcoming battle will be a real challenge for Beowulf. And it turns out to be so as the powerful dragon ultimately causes the hero’s death. Evidently, these settings, along with others, make the stories come alive for the readers. The poet effectively combines the literary elements conflict, imagery and setting to show the reader the qualities of an Anglo-Saxon warrior and hero. To the old English people, no one was more praise worthy than Beowulf, Despite it being written over a thousand years ago, Beowulf shows one important detail of what it takes to truly be a hero, a standard to which we can still relate to today, perhaps more powerfully than ever.

How to write a college student resume (with examples)

How to write a college student resume (with examples) If you’re in college, you have probably done a lot of thinking about what comes next. What you’re studying, as well as the internships and knowledge you’re picked up along the way- those are all a big part of that future. So how do you wrangle that information into a successful resume, when you don’t yet have a ton of work experience? We can help! Let’s walk through three different resumes for different types of post-college jobs. First up is Keenan, who is hoping to land his first job as a marketing assistant.Download this resume in ms wordKeenan Jones1212 University Place, Apt. 3FMilwaukee, WI 67676(111) 222-3333Keenan.S.Jones@universityemail.eduTech-Savvy, Energetic College Student Seeking a Growth Role in MarketingSUMMARYMotivated, high-achieving honors student with strong written and verbal communication skillsAdept at working as part of a creative team to accomplish goalsWell-versed in current social media platforms and trendsEDUCATIONWestern Wisconsin State UniversityBA, MarketingAnticipated graduation: May 2018Cumulative GPA: 3.87RELATED COURSEWORKGoing Viral: 21st Century Marketing (Western Wisconsin State Marketing Department), Fall 2017Develop sample marketing campaigns as part of a teamDiscuss and evaluate best practices and real-world examples of social marketing strategiesPublicity Basics (Western Wisconsin State Marketing Department), Spring 2017Analyze historical and current trends in methods of publicityReview core concepts of public relationsDevelop marketing and publicity plans based on real-world examplesWriting for Social Media (Western Wisconsin State English Department), Fall 2016Review standard proofreading and copyeditingDevelop writing strategies to maximize messaging and brand awareness in various social media formatsMARKETING WORK EXPERIENCEHealthFirst Industries, Milwaukee, WISummer Marketing InternSummer 2017Provided administrative support to a 10-person Marketing teamParticipated in campaign and brainstorming meetingsMonitored HealthFirst’s Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter accounts and interacted with consumersKEY SKILLSSocial media platforms (including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, and WhatsApp)Adobe Creative SuiteMicrosoft Office SuiteMeeting time-sensitive deadlinesWriting creative, cogent, targeted text for marketing purposesLeading team members to deliver projects in a timely mannerKeenan’s resume is very targeted and focused on his marketing-specific skills and experience. He makes his intent very clear- a position in marketing- and builds the rest of his narrative around that fact. Hiring managers understand that someone coming right out of school is likely to have a ton of work experience, especially in the field. So to show the reader what he does have, Keenan emphasizes the practical skills he has (social media), as well as the skills he’s picked up as both a student (the Related Coursework section) and an intern (the Marketing Work Experience section). Keenan doesn’t need to include every marketing class he’s taken as a student, but picks the ones where he gained a lot of practical, hands-on knowledge that may relate to an entry-level job in marketing.Next, let’s look at Mireille, who is prepping a resume for a campus job fair.Download this resume in ms wordMireille Hopkins1056 Barnes Street, Apt. 2Boston, MA 23232555-666-7777MHopkins@emaildomain.eduAward-winning financial whiz with expertise in auditing and reportingWORK EXPERIENCEFinance InternPrinceton Weitz LLCSeptember 2017 – presentProcess month-end financial reports as part of the Auditing teamAssist with audits of external customersReconcile balance sheetsPost journal entriesPerform general office support (including meeting setup and taking/distributing meeting minutes)Program AssistantGrant College Accounting and Finance DepartmentSummer 2016 Summer 2017Answered phones and directed visitors to the college’s Finance and Accounting officesCollated course packets for professorsManaged summer orientation programs for incoming Finance and Accounting studentsVOLUNTEER EXPERIENCEMath TutorGrant College Academic Help CenterOctober 2014 – presentAssist fellow students with math homework and skill developmentSimplify complex mathematical concepts for ease of learningSKILLS SUMMARYComplex financial auditingSOX Compliance expertise and compliance with legal guidelines and best practicesAccurate financial accountingDetailed and accurate reportingLearning and using software for reporting and complianceCreating presentationsMicrosoft Office expertiseEDUCATION EXTRACURRICULARSGrant College, Wellesley, MABA, Accounting/BA, ManagementExpected graduation: December 2017Treasurer, Grant College Student GovernmentAugust 2016 – May 2017Co-Captain, Grant Gophers women’s basketball teamSeptember 2013 – May 2017AWARDS HONORSDean’s List, 8 consecutive semestersHonors Scholar program (anticipated, pending completion of honors thesis and graduation)Chairman’s Award in Finance and Accounting, 2016Mireille wants to use her campus’s job fair to help line up her first job out of college. And to do that, she knows she needs to stand out from a crowd of other people (like her fellow classmates) to get attention from the financial firms attending the fair. Mireille has some work experience as an intern in her field, so she leads with that after an eye-catching headline (award-winning!). She doesn’t include odd jobs that she may have had in high school and college, but does include jobs that have a bearing on her current career goals (working as an intern, and working as part of her school’s own Accounting and Finance department). Because the career fair is happening on campus, she doesn’t really need to emphasize her school- the reader will already know that she goes to Grant College, and Mireille’s resume instead emphasizes the points she wants them to remember most.Remember that at a job fair you only have a few minutes to present yourself to recruiters. So while you can’t really tailor your resume to each potential job opening/company, you can make it as specific as possible to your industry and emphasize the personal points you want to hit. The best way to make your brief chat with recruiters memorable is to hand them your resume up front, then point out the highlights on the page as you mention them in your conversation.And last but not least, we have Karen, who is seeking a job as an administrative assistant as her first job out of school.Download this resume in ms wordKaren Thompson 35 Springfield Street, Apt. 7G Las Vegas, NV (777) 444-5555 KTThompson@emaildomain.eduOBJECTIVEHard-working, recent college graduate with office and internship experience looking for a position that leverages strong organizational and communication skills into a growth role.SKILLSProficient in Microsoft Office (pa rticularly Word, Excel, and PowerPoint)Maintaining calendars and meeting schedulesOrganizing staff and public eventsSpeaking multiple languages (fluent in English and Spanish, partially fluent in French)Graphic designCreating presentationsDemonstrating a personable, enthusiastic attitudeEDUCATIONMarburg College, Sacramento, CAB.A., Comparative Literature, 20173.8 GPA (4.0 scale)Minored in History and Music TheorySpanish Club Secretary (3 years)Swim team member and student treasurer (2 years)EXPERIENCEThe Anderson Gallery  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   San Francisco, CA Receptionist (part-time)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10/2016 – presentAnswer phones and greet guests for one of San Francisco’s top art galleriesProvide administrative support to the curators and an administrative staff of fourCoordinate curator/artist meetingsMaintain the order and cleanliness of public gallery areasOrder refreshments and supplies for openings and other public gallery eventsDeMarque Creative  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   San Francisco, CA Administrative Intern  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6/2016 – 8/2016Provided administrative support for the six-person Graphic Design departmentFacilitated meetings and coordinated follow-up materials for attendeesCoordinated meetings and calendarsScanned and digitized archival content for newly implemented digital filing systemAs a literature major (with additional work in history and music), Karen is not necessarily seeking a job that’s related to her major. And that’s totally okay! Sometimes you’ve got to pay bills while you figure out your longer-term career goals. And to that end, Karen wants to take the good skills and experience she does have- particularly as an intern and receptionist- to show that she has the baseline skills to be a good admin. To do this, she uses a clear objective, and a highlight reel of the skills she wants to emphasize most. Her experience bullet points show the w ork she has done already in this field, even though she has only worked as an intern and part-time receptionist so far.If you’re a college student or a recent grad crafting your first real-deal resume, the most important thing to remember is that you do have skills and experience, even if you haven’t worked full-time in the field. Take inventory of your classes, your internships, your volunteering, everything. Anything that shows leadership, include it. Anything that taught you more about the field you want to be in, include it. Anything that shows escalating responsibility, include it. Even hobbies can have a place in your resume, if they’re related to the job you want. Good luck!

Bureaucracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bureaucracy - Essay Example In the preeminent conditions, this distinctiveness allows a bureaucracy to function efficiently. Workers in a specialization bureaucracy carry out specific responsibilities that call for teaching and proficiency. Nevertheless, the downside to specialization is that bureaucrats frequently cannot take up a chore that is external to the range of their job description. In hierarchical organization bureaucracy, the organization is called a hierarchy; a series of stages from the nearly all basic worker in the institute to the premier director. Each stage has openly distinct influence and responsibilities. On the other hand, in formal rules, bureaucracies are designed with the purpose of functioning under prescribed rules. These guidelines affirm how all tasks in the organization are being carried out. These guidelines are frequently referred to as standard operating procedures and are formalized in measure manuals. The bureaucrats waste no time by way of following these rules (Berger 20-34 ). There are negations in the operation of a bureaucracy, nevertheless. The hierarchal system somehow may create a situation whereby staff finds it hard to question the judgment of supervisors. Sociologists use numerous plans and techniques to examine society and social behavior. Most sociological behavior engages ethnography designed to represent the distinctiveness of a population as entirely as possible. There are three research models, including longitudinal, cross-sectional and cross-sequential. These three models are all seemingly distinct in their own way. In cross-sectional research model, scientist examines a number of persons of varying ages who have similar characteristics of significance at a single time. On the other hand, cross-sequential model the scientists test persons in a cross-section taster more than once over a particular period of time. Lastly, in longitudinal design, the scientists analyze the same persons or community repeatedly over a particular period of t ime (Mills 50-77). A section of sociologists carry out research by using data that other existing social scientist. The use of openly available information is recognized as secondary analysis. This model is mostly common in circumstances in which gathering fresh data is unworkable or needless. The other way in which a sociologist can analyze data is by studying an individual with abnormal condition. For this case, the clinical sociologist may be compelled to use self-report measure to obtain quantifiable data on the issue. This is usually the case with case studies which are used in obtaining useful data about persons and small groups. However, case studies have a tendency of only applying to individuals with similar traits rather than to the wide-ranging population. The other way a sociologist can analyze data collected is by examining the information collected from surveys. Ideally, the nature versus nature debate deals with the relative significance of a person’s innate tr aits. This hypothesis is used independently to discuss the influence of heredity and environment upon social advancement. As we see it, the argument is based upon the comparative contributions of genetic heritage and environmental features to human progress. Some thinkers such as Plato and Descartes propose that certain things are innate despite the environmental influences. Conversely, Locke suggests that the lot that we are and all our wisdom is established by our skills. Recently, many specialists are of

College is worthy or not Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

College is worthy or not - Essay Example Education is costly and the cost of education has been rising against an almost constant after college salary. Rationally, evading unnecessary education should reduce cost and hence increase social wellbeing of citizens and it’s on these basis that critics of college education base their argument. The increasing demand for education is responsible for the increase in cost and it’s expected that wages reduce as more people enter the job market. Factually, increase in population is responsible for influx in demand for college education and hence so long as population rises, rising college fees is inevitable and reduced wages due out excess labor output could also pop up. However, as pay offs to college graduates stagnate, rewards to high school diploma holders reduce hence widening the gap between the two (TIME). The implication is that, employers still attach more value to college education regardless of the degree taken. Research shows that college graduates earn more t han their counterparts (Economist), moreover, those who do not have a college degree believe that they have less (Piew). Therefore, the only constraint to college education is the ever rising cost. Not going to college does not solve the problem as it reduces productivity and hence reducing the expected returns to capital, making all investments not viable. Mr. Thiel creates a controversy in the importance of education by offering an alternative to college education and then again criticizing the viability of the alternative (Piew). Thiel himself, developed his business idea while still in college, a proof that attending college does not restrain the individual to job market and hence lead only to the middle class as most people think. Under capitalism, the rich are few, but among the rich college graduates are richer than their high school counterparts. Thiel produces capital

Ac Synchronous Machine And Its Application Engineering Essay

Ac Synchronous Machine And Its Application Engineering Essay Synchronous machines are principally used as alternating current (AC) generators. They supply the electric power used by all sectors of modern societies: industrial, commercial, agricultural, and domestic. Synchronous machines are sometimes used as constant-speed motors, or as compensators for reactive power control in large power systems. This article explains the constructional features and operating principles of the synchronous machine. Generator performance for stand-alone and grid applications is discussed. The effects of load and field excitation on the synchronous motor are investigated. The hunting behavior of a synchronous machine is studied, and a review of various excitation systems provided. INTRODUCTION: Synchronous motor A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor distinguished by a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same rate as the alternating current and resulting rotating magnetic field which drives it. Another way of saying this is that it has zero slip under usual operating conditions. Contrast this with an induction motor, which must slip in order to produce torque. They operate synchronously with line frequency. As with squirrel-cage induction motors, speed is determined by the number of pairs of poles and the line frequency. Synchronous motors are available in sub-fractional self-excited sizes to high-horsepower direct-current excited industrial sizes. In the fractional horsepower range, most synchronous motors are used where precise constant speed is required. In high-horsepower industrial sizes, the synchronous motor provides two important functions. First, it is a highly efficient means of converting ac energy to work. Second, it can operate at leading or unity power factor and thereby provide power-factor correction. There are two major types of synchronous motors: non-excited and direct-current excited. Non-excited motors are manufactured in reluctance and hysteresis designs, these motors employ a self-starting circuit and require no external excitation supply. Reluctance designs have ratings that range from sub-fractional to about 30  hp. Sub-fractional horsepower motors have low torque, and are generally used for instrumentation applications. Moderate torque, integral horsepower motors use squirrel- cage construction with toothed rotors. When used with an adjustable frequency power supply, all motors in the drive system can be controlled at exactly the same speed. The power supply frequency determines motor operating speed. Hysteresis motors are manufactured in sub-fractional horsepower ratings, primarily as servomotors and timing motors. More expensive than the reluctance type, hysteresis motors are used where precise constant speed is required. D C-excited motors made in sizes larger than 1  hp, these motors require direct current supplied through slip rings for excitation. The direct current can be supplied from a separate source or from a dc generator directly connected to the motor shaft. Slip rings and brushes are used to conduct current to the rotor. The rotor poles connect to each other and move at the same speed hence the name synchronous motor. Synchronous motors fall under the category of synchronous machines which also includes the alternator (synchronous generator). These machines are commonly used in analog electric clocks, timers and other devices where correct time is required. The speed of a synchronous motor is determined by the following formula: where v is the speed of the rotor (in rpm), f is the frequency of the AC supply (in Hz) and n is the number of magnetic poles. Figure: Two pole Two pole: P.T.O Main features of synchronous machine: A synchronous machine is an ac machine whose speed under steady-state conditions is proportional to the frequency of the current in its armature. Armature winding: on the stator, alternating current. Field winding: on the rotor, dc power supplied to built a rotating magnetic field. Cylindrical rotor: for two- and four-pole turbine generators. Salient-pole rotor: for multi-polar, slow-speed, hydroelectric generators and for most synchronous motors. The rotor, along with the magnetic field created by the dc field current on the rotor, rotates at the same speed as, or in  synchronism with, the rotating magnetic field produced by the armature currents, and a steady torque results. Synchronous motors have the following characteristics: A three-phase stator similar to that of an induction motor. Medium voltage stators are often used. A wound rotor (rotating field) which has the same number of poles as the stator, and is supplied by an external source of direct current (DC). Both brush-type and brushless exciters are used to supply the DC field current to the rotor. The rotor current establishes a north/south magnetic pole relationship in the rotor poles enabling the rotor to lock-in-step with the rotating stator flux. Starts as an induction motor. The synchronous motor rotor also has a squirrel-cage winding, known as an Amortisseur winding, which produces torque for motor starting. Synchronous motors will run at synchronous speed in accordance with the formula: 120 x Frequency Synchronous RPM = Number of Poles Example: the speed of a 24 -Pole Synchronous Motor operating at 60 Hz would be: 120 x 60 / 24 = 7200 / 24 = 300 RPM Synchronous Motor Operation: The squirrel-cage Amortisseur winding in the rotor produces Starting Torque and Accelerating Torque to bring the synchronous motor up to speed. When the motor speed reaches approximately 97% of nameplate RPM, the DC field current is applied to the rotor producing Pull-in Torque and the rotor will pull-in -step and synchronize with the rotating flux field in the stator. The motor will run at synchronous speed and produce Synchronous Torque. After synchronization, the Pull-out Torque cannot be exceeded or the motor will pull out-of-step. Occasionally, if the overload is momentary, the motor will slip-a-pole and resynchronize. Pull-out protection must be provided otherwise the motor will run as an induction motor drawing high current with the possibility of severe motor damage. Advantages of Synchronous Motors: The initial cost of a synchronous motor is more than that of a conventional AC induction motor due to the expense of the wound rotor and synchronizing circuitry. These initial costs are often off-set by: Precise speed regulation makes the synchronous motor an ideal choice for certain industrial processes and as a prime mover for generators. Synchronous motors have speed / torque characteristics which are ideally suited for direct drive of large horsepower, low-rpm loads such as reciprocating compressors. Synchronous motors operate at an improved power factor, thereby improving overall system power factor and eliminating or reducing utility power factor penalties. An improved power factor also reduces the system voltage drop and the voltage drop at the motor terminals. Synchronous generator: Speed of rotation of synchronous generator: Electric power generated at 50 or 60 Hz, so rotor must turn at fixed speed depending on number of poles on machine To generate 60 Hz in 2 pole machine, rotor must turn at 3600 r/min, and to generate 50 Hz in 4 pole machine, rotor must turn at 1500 r/min Internal generated voltage of ac generated machine. magnitude of induced voltage in one phase determined in last section: EA=à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡2 à Ã¢â€š ¬ NC à Ã¢â‚¬   f Parts of ac synchronous machine: A synchronous motor is composed of the following parts: The stator is the outer shell of the motor, which carries the armature winding. This winding is spatially distributed for poly-phase AC current. This armature creates a rotating magnetic field inside the motor. The rotor is the rotating portion of the motor. it carries field winding, which may be supplied by a DC source. On excitation, this field winding behaves as a permanent magnet. The slip rings in the rotor, to supply the DC to the field winding, in the case of DC excited types. Operation: The operation of a synchronous motor is simple to imagine. The armature winding, when excited by a poly-phase (usually 3-phase) winding, creates a rotating magnetic field inside the motor. The field winding, which acts as a permanent magnet, simply locks in with the rotating magnetic field and rotates along with it. During operation, as the field locks in with the rotating magnetic field, the motor is said to be in synchronization. Once the motor is in operation, the speed of the motor is dependent only on the supply frequency. When the motor load is increased beyond the break down load, the motor falls out of synchronization i.e., the applied load is large enough to pull out the field winding from following the rotating magnetic field. The motor immediately stalls after it falls out of synchronization. Starting method of synchronous motor: Synchronous motors are not self-starting motors. This property is due to the inertia of the rotor. When the power supply is switched on, the armature winding and field windings are excited. Instantaneously, the armature winding creates a rotating magnetic field, which revolves at the designated motor speed. The rotor, due to inertia, will not follow the revolving magnetic field. In practice, the rotor should be rotated by some other means near to the motors synchronous speed to overcome the inertia. Once the rotor nears the synchronous speed, the field winding is excited, and the motor pulls into synchronization. The following techniques are employed to start a synchronous motor: A separate motor (called pony motor) is used to drive the rotor before it locks in into synchronization. The field winding is shunted or induction motor like arrangements are made so that the synchronous motor starts as an induction motor and locks in to synchronization once it reaches speeds near its synchronous speed. Reducing the input electrical frequency to get the motor starting slowly, Variable-frequency drives can be used here which have Rectifier-Inverter circuits or Cycloconverter circuits. Special Properties: Synchronous motors show some interesting properties, which finds applications in power factor correction. The synchronous motor can be run at lagging, unity or leading power factor. The control is with the field excitation, as described below: When the field excitation voltage is decreased, the motor runs in lagging power factor. The power factor by which the motor lags varies directly with the drop in excitation voltage. This condition is called under-excitation. When the field excitation voltage is made equal to the rated voltage, the motor runs at unity power factor. When the field excitation voltage is increased above the rated voltage, the motor runs at leading power factor. And the power factor by which the motor leads varies directly with the increase in field excitation voltage. This condition is called over-excitation. The most basic property of synchro motor is that it can be use both as a capacitor or inductor. Hence in turn it improves the power factor of system. The leading power factor operation of synchronous motor finds application in power factor correction. Normally, all the loads connected to the power supply grid run in lagging power factor, which increases reactive power consumption in the grid, thus contributing to additional losses. In such cases, a synchronous motor with no load is connected to the grid and is run over-excited, so that the leading power factor created by synchronous motor compensates the existing lagging power factor in the grid and the overall power factor is brought close to 1 (unity power factor). If unity power factor is maintained in a grid, reactive power losses diminish to zero, increasing the efficiency of the grid. This operation of synchronous motor in over-excited mode to correct the power factor is sometimes called as Synchronous condenser. Uses: Synchronous motors find applications in all industrial applications where constant speed is necessary. Improving the power factor as Synchronous condensers. Electrical power plants almost always use synchronous generators because it is important to keep the frequency constant at which the generator is connected. Low power applications include positioning machines, where high precision is required, and robot actuators. Mains synchronous motors are used for electric clocks. Record player turntables. Advantages: Synchronous motors have the following advantages over non-synchronous motors: Speed is independent of the load, provided an adequate field current is applied. Accurate control in speed and position using open loop controls, e.g. stepper motors. They will hold their position when a DC current is applied to both the stator and the rotor windings. Their power factor can be adjusted to unity by using a proper field current relative to the load. Also, a capacitive power factor, (current phase leads voltage phase), can be obtained by increasing this current slightly, which can help achieve a better power factor correction for the whole installation. Their construction allows for increased electrical efficiency when a low speed is required (as in ball mills and similar apparatus). They run either at the synchronous speed else no speed is there. Conclusion: With the help of the above paper now we can understand ac synchronous machine, its working, method, uses, advantages, disadvantages, application etc. We can also explain what kind of further enhancements are going to be, on the field of ac synchronous machine. Although important information is been provided about ac synchronous motors, ac synchronous generator etc. And even on the combination of both of them.

Physics of Robots :: physics robot robots

Definition of a Robot A Robot is a reprogramable, multi-functional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or a specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of variety of tasks. In order to make a robot do anything it has to have a program or a set of programs that tell it to do certain tasks. Robots come in all different shapes and sizes. Some robots have been used to try and look and behave physically like a human being. Other robots are used for home entertainments. For example there is a robotic dog that now for sale that can behave and act like a dog. The nice thing about having a robotic dog is a person could shut it off when they get tired of it. Different Kinds of Robots Some robots have arms, legs, heads, wheels, and etc. There are robots that are used in big industrial factories. General Electric uses robotic arms to weld. The robotic arms can weld with such great precision that it looks perfect. There are also robots that have been used in movies such as Mighty Joe Young, Star Wars, and Jurrasic Park. Then there are also miniture robots that are designed like small insects such as horseflys and ladybugs. You can read about the insect robots in the National Geographics Magazine. The Structure of the Robotic Hand A robotic hand can be designed in different ways. The most important is that there is a wrist, fingers, and a way to move an object. The wrist will give the twisting motion. The fingers will be able to grab an object. Some people use grippers. The grippers work like sicorrs. There are also devices that act like sensory nerves. These devices are either light sensitive or switch activated. That way a robot would be able to tell where a light source is coming from or when it was running into a wall. The hardest part about making a robotic hand do something is to make the open and closing motion with the fingers. Humans have nerves and muscels that alow them to retract and contract their fingers. With a robot cables, motors, or pneumatic hydralics can be used. Strong cables can be used to give easy and quiet movements. Motors used with different gear ratios can make the fingers stronger when gripping or faster. By determining how much work would have to be done on the gear to make it spi n would make the gear lift an object with force.

Credit Card Debt

Many people use credit cards and most of the time the credit card is not used in the right moment. I believe that credit cards are not beneficial because they aren't used for the right things. It would be very different if they were used correctly, credit cards are to be used it case of an emergency,meaning not to be used when you are going to the 7-eleven to buy a bag of chips an a soda. It has shown that more than 75% percent of americans have been bankrupt or on the verge of it.There are more than 60% of americans that have credit card debt because they are using them for the wrong things. Facts have proven that the total U. S. credit card debt, is $793. 1 Billion. and Average credit card debt per household is 15,799. Most people do not understand that when you have a credit card it comes with alot of responsibility and i say that because there are more than 10% of americans have been victims of credit card theft it may not seem like alot but credit card theft is a very serious th ing.Most complaints come from adults within the ages 40-59, Nevada, Colorado, and New Hampshire have the highest rate of credit card fraud. Having a credit card is not what people think it is; people think that if i have a credit card then i do not have to have money with me, and its just free money but its very dangerous to have a credit card. Having a credit card can lead to bankrupt and going bankrupt can make you lose everything such as your car, house, and etc. , or it could be worse an you could be placed in jail for a long time.Just because you had a credit card and used it for the wrong thing and spent way to much money†¦ A credit card is nothing but trouble each and every type of way. The credit card companies and banks are getting richer, while most Americans are getting more in debt. The economy is in trouble, therefore, more and more people are relying on credit cards. In today's society we are constantly trying to get out of debt, but in the process of trying to ge t ourselves out of debt, we create more debt.One of the major problems that most of us are dealing with is credit card debt. Most credit card companies are not looking out for your best interest. They are constantly raising interest rates. Minimum payments are just enough to cover the finance charges. Most Americans should not use credit cards for the following reasons: it will create bad spending habits; you will incur more debt affecting credit score rating; and possibly make you a victim of identity theft.In my opinion, a credit card should be used for purchases that you are able to pay off in full upon receiving your statement, but most of us don't. Most people lack self control and tend to misuse the credit card. Credit cards should mainly be used for emergencies, but we tend to use them for everyday purchases such as: food, gas, clothing, etc. Some people are living in a borrowed lifestyle, because they purchase things they can't afford. People will spend more on a purchasing using a credit card than they would with cash. People that use credit cards tend to spend 12%-18% more on transactions than those who use cash (faithfitnessfinance. com). † For example, if you are going to pay with a credit card in a fast food establishment, it is easier to get the large drink instead of the medium drink. When the statement arrives, most people will make the minimum payment on his/her credit card. The minimum payment only covers the finance charges, which will increase the amount of time it will take to pay the debt off. â€Å"It will also increase the amount of interest you end up paying

The Ratio Is An Arithmetical Expression Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3508 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? The ratio is an arithmetical expression i.e. relationship of one number to another. It may be defined as an indicated quotient of the mathematical expression. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Ratio Is An Arithmetical Expression Finance Essay" essay for you Create order It is expressed as a proportion or a fraction or in percentage or in terms of number of times. A financial ratio is the relationship between two accounting figures expressed mathematically. The financial statements, incorporating the profit and loss account statement, the balance sheet, and the cash flow statement and all of the associated notes, contain a vast amount of information. The role of ratios is to distil this information into a more usable form for the purpose of analysis. Ratios provide clues to the financial position of a concern. These are the indicators of financial strength, soundness, position or weakness of an enterprise. One can draw conclusions about the financial position of a concern with the help of accounting ratios. Liquidity Ratios The term liquidity refers to the ability of the company to meet its current liabilities. Liquidity ratios assess capacity of the firm to repay its short term liabilities. Thus, liquidity ratios measure the firms ability to fulfil short term commitments out of its liquid assets. The important liquidity ratios are (i) Current ratio (ii) Quick ratio Current ratio Current ratio is a ratio between current assets and current liabilities of a firm for a particular period. This ratio establishes a relationship between current assets and current liabilities. The objective of computing this ratio is to measure the ability of the firm to meet its short term liability. It compares the current assets and current liabilities of the firm. This ratio is calculated as under: Current ratio = Current Assets Current liabilities Current Assets are those assets which can be converted into cash within a short period i.e. not exceeding one year. It includes the following: Cash in hand, Cash at Bank, Bill receivables, Short term investment, Sundry debtors, Stock, Prepaid expenses Current liabilities are those liabilities which are expected to be paid within a year. It includes the following: Bill payables, Sundry creditors, Bank overdraft, Provision for tax, outstanding expenses. Significance It indicates the amount of current assets available for repayment of current liabilities. Higher the ratio, the greater is the short term solvency of a firm and vice a versa. However, a very high ratio or very low ratio is a matter of concern. If the ratio is very high it means the current assets are lying idle. Very low ratio means the short term solvency of the firm is not good. Thus, the ideal current ratio of a company is 2: 1 i.e. to repay current liabilities; there should be twice current assets. Quick ratio Quick ratio is also known as Acid test or Liquid ratio. It is another ratio to test the liability of the concern. This ratio establishes a relationship between quick assets and current liabilities. This ratio measures the ability of the firm to pay its current liabilities. The main purpose of this ratio is to measure the ability of the firm to pay its current liabilities. For the purpose of calculating this ratio, stock and prepaid expenses are not taken into account as these may not be converted into cash in a very short period. This ratio is calculated as under: Liquid ratio = Liquid or quick assets Current liabilities Where, liquid assets = current assets (stock + prepaid expenses) Significance Quick ratio is a measure of the instant debt paying capacity of the business enterprise. It is a measure of the extent to which liquid resources are immediately available to meet current obligations. A quick ratio of 1: 1 is considered good/favourable for a company. ACTIVITY RATIO Activity ratios measure the efficiency or effectiveness with which a firm manages its resources. These ratios are also called turnover ratios because they indicate the speed at which assets are converted or turned over in sales. These ratios are expressed as times and should always be more than one. Some of the important activity ratios are : (i) Stock turnover ratio (ii) Debtors turnover ratio (iii) Creditors turnover ratio (iv)Working capital turnover ratio Stock turnover ratio Stock turnover ratio is a ratio between cost of goods sold and the average stock or inventory. Every firm has to maintain a certain level of inventory of finished goods. But the level of inventory should neither be too high nor too low. It evaluates the efficiency with which a firm is able to manage its inventory. This ratio establishes relationship between cost of goods sold and average stock. Stock Turnover Ratio =Cost of goods sold = Sales Gross Profit Average stock = Opening stock + Closing stock 2 (i) If cost of goods sold is not given, the ratio is calculated from the sales. (ii) If only closing stock is given, then that may be treated as average stock. Inventory/stock conversion period It may also be of interest to see average time taken for clearing the stocks. This can be possible by calculating inventory conversion period. This period is calculated by dividing the number of days by inventory turnover. Inventory conversion period = Days in a year I nventory turnover ratio (times) Significance The ratio signifies the number of times on an average the inventory or stock is disposed of during the period. The high ratio indicates efficiency and the low ratio indicates inefficiency of stock management. Debtors Turnover ratio This ratio establishes a relationship between net credit sales and average account receivables i.e. average trade debtors and bill receivables. The objective of computing this ratio is to determine the efficiency with which the trade debtors are managed. This ratio is also known as Ratio of Net Sales to average receivables. It is calculated as under Debtors Turnover Ratio = Net credit annual sales Average debtors In case, figure of net credit sale is not available then it is calculated as if sales are credit sales: Average debtors = Opening Debtors + Closing Debtors 2 Note: If opening debtors are not available then closing debtors and bills receivable are taken as average debtors. Debt collection period This period refers to an average period for which the credit sales remain unpaid and measures the quality of debtors. Quality of debtors means payment made by debtors within the permissible credit period. It indicates the rapidity at which the money is collected from debtors. This period may be calculated as under : Debt collection period = Average Trade Debtors Average Net credit sales period Significance Debtors turnover ratio is an indication of the speed with which a company collects its debts. The higher the ratio, the better it is because it indicates that debts are being collected quickly. In general, a high ratio indicates the shorter collection period which implies prompt payment by debtor and a low ratio indicates a longer collection period which implies delayed payment for debtors. Creditors Turnover Ratio It is a ratio between net credit purchases and average account payables (i.e creditors and Bill payables). In the course of business operations, a firm has to make credit purchases. Thus a supplier of goods will be interested in finding out how much time the firm is likely to take in repaying the trade creditors. This ratio helps in finding out the exact time a firm is likely to take in repaying to its trade creditors. This ratio establishes a relationship between credit purchases and average trade creditors and bill payables and is calculated as under Creditors turnover ratio = Net credit purchases Average trade creditors Average creditors = Creditors in the beginning + Creditors at the end 2 Significance Creditors turnover ratio helps in judging the efficiency in getting the benefit of credit purchases offered by suppliers of goods. A high ratio indicates the shorter payment period and a low ratio indicates a longer payment period. Working Capital Turnover Ratio Working capital of a concern is directly related to sales. The current assets like debtors, bill receivables, cash, stock etc., change with the increase or decrease in sales. Working capital = Current Assets Current Liabilities Working capital turnover ratio indicates the speed at which the working capital is utilised for business operations. It is the velocity of working capital ratio that indicates the number of times the working capital is turned over in the course of a year. This ratio measures the efficiency at which the working capital is being used by a firm. A higher ratio indicates efficient utilisation of working capital and a low ratio indicates the working capital is not properly utilised. This ratio can be calculated as Working Capital Turnover Ratio = Cost of sales working capital SOLVENCY RATIOS The term solvency refers to the ability of a concern to meet its long term obligations. The long-term liability of a firm is towards debenture holders, Financial institutions providing medium and long term loans and other creditors selling goods on credit. These ratios indicate firms ability to meet the fixed interest and its costs and repayment schedules associated with its long term borrowings. The following ratios serve the purpose of determining the solvency of the business firm. Debt equity ratio Proprietary ratio Debt-equity ratio It is also otherwise known as external to internal equity ratio. It is calculated to know the relative claims of outsiders and the owners against the firms assets. This ratio establishes the relationship between the outsiders funds and the shareholders fund. Thus, Debt-equity ratio = Outsiders funds Share holders funds The two basic components of the ratio are outsiders funds and shareholders funds. The outsiders funds include all debts/liabilities to outsiders i.e. debentures, long term loans from financial institutions, etc. Shareholders funds mean preference share capital, equity share capital, reserves and surplus and fictitious assets like preliminary expenses. This ratio indicates the proportion between shareholders funds and the long-term borrowed funds. In India, this ratio may be taken as acceptable if it is 2: 1. If the debt-equity ratio is more than that, it shows a rather risky financial position from the long term point of view. Significance The purpose of debt equity ratio is to derive an idea of the amount of capital supplied to the concern by the proprietors. This ratio is very useful to assess the soundness of long term financial position of the firm. It also indicates the extent to which the firm depends upon outsiders for its existence. A low debt equity ratio implies the use of more equity than debt. Proprietary ratio It is also known as equity ratio. This ratio establishes the relationship between shareholders funds to total assets of the firm. The shareholders fund is the sum of equity share capital, preference share capital, reserves and surpluses. Out of this amount, accumulated losses should be deducted. On the other hand, the total assets mean total resources of the concern. The ratio can be calculated as under: Proprietary ratio = Shareholders funds Total assets Significance Proprietary ratio throws light on the general financial position of the enterprise. This ratio is of particular importance to the creditors who can ascertain the proportion of shareholders funds in the total assets employed in the firm. A high ratio shows that there is safety for creditors of all types. Higher the ratio, the better it is for concerned. A ratio below 50% may be alarming for the creditors since they may have to lose heavily in the event of companys liquidation on account of heavy losses. PROFITABILITY RATIOS The main aim of an enterprise is to earn profit which is necessary for the survival and growth of the business enterprise. It is earned with the help of amount invested in business. It is necessary to know how much profit has been earned with the help of the amount invested in the business. This is possible through profitability ratio. These ratios examine the current operating performance and efficiency of the business concern. These ratios are helpful for the management to take remedial measures if there is a declining trend. The important profitability ratios are: (i) Gross profit ratio (ii) Net profit ratio (iii) Operating profit ratio (iv) Return on investment ratio Gross profit ratio It expresses the relationship of gross profit to net sales. It is expressed in percentage. It is computed as Gross profit ratio = Gross profitÃÆ'Æ’-100 Net sales where Net sales = Total sales (sales returns + excise duty) Gross profit = Net sales Cost of goods sold. Significance Gross profit ratio shows the margin of profit. A high gross profit ratio is a great satisfaction to the management. It represents the low cost of goods sold. Higher the rate of gross profit, lower the cost of goods sold. Net profit ratio A ratio of net profit to sales is called Net profit ratio. It indicates sales margin on sales. This is expressed as a percentage. The main objective of calculating this ratio is to determine the overall profitability. The ratio is calculated as: Net profit ratio = Net profit ÃÆ'Æ’-100 Net sales Significance Net profit ratio determines overall efficiency of the business. It indicates the extent to which management has been effective in reducing the operational expenses. Higher the net profit ratio, better it is for the business. Operating profit ratio Operating profit is an indicator of operational efficiencies. It reveals only overall efficiency. It establishes relationship between operating profit and net sales. This ratio is expressed as a percentage. It is calculated as: Operating profit = Operating profit ÃÆ'Æ’-100 Net sales Operating Profit = Gross Profit (Administration expenses + selling expenses) Significance It helps in examining the overall efficiency of the business. It measures profitability and soundness of the business. Higher the ratio, the better is the profitability of the business. This ratio is also helpful in controlling cash. Return on investment ratio (ROI) ROI is the basic profitability ratio. This ratio establishes relationship between net profit (before interest, tax and dividend) and capital employed. It is expressed as a percentage on investment. The term investment here refers to long-term funds invested in business. This investment is called capital employed. where Capital employed = Equity share capital + preference share capital + Reserve and surplus + long term liabilities fictitious assets Non trading investment OR Capital employed = (Fixed asset depreciation) + (Current Asset- Current liabilities) OR Capital employed = (Fixed Assets Depreciation) + (Working capital) This ratio is also known as Return on capital employed ratio. It is calculated as under ROI = Net profit before interest, tax and dividend ÃÆ'Æ’-100 Capital employed Significance ROI ratio judges the overall performance of the concern. It measures how efficiently the sources of the business are being used. In other words, it tells what is the earning capacity of the net assets of the business. Higher the ratio the more efficient is the management and utilisation of capital employed. LEVERAGE RATIO Leverage ratio is otherwise known as capital structure ratio. The term capital structure refers to the relationship between various long term forms of financing such as debentures (long term), preference share capital and equity share capital including reserves and surpluses. Financing the firms assets is a very crucial problem in every business and as a rule there should be a proper mix of debt and equity capital in financing the firms assets. Leverage or capital structure ratios are calculated to test the long term financial position of a firm. Generally capital gearing ratio is mainly calculated to analyse the leverage or capital structure of the firm Capital gearing ratio The capital gearing ratio is described as the relationship between equity share capital including reserves and surpluses to preference share capital and other fixed interest bearing loans. If preference share capital and other fixed interest bearing loans exceed the equity share capital including reserves, the firm is said to be highly geared. The firm is said to be low geared if preference share capital and other fixed interest bearing loans are less than equity capital and reserves. Capital gearing ratio = Equity share capital reserves and surpluses Preference share capital + long term debt bearing fixed interest Significance Capital gearing ratio is very important ratio. Gearing should be kept in such a way that the company is able to maintain a steady rate of dividend. High gearing ratio is not good for a new company or a company of which future earnings are uncertain. LIMITATION OF ACCOUNTING RATIOS Accounting ratios are very significant in analysing the financial statements. Through accounting ratios, it will be easy to know the true financial position and financial soundness of a business concern. However, despite the advantages of ratio analysis, it suffers from a number of disadvantages. The following are the main limitations of accounting ratios. Ignorance of qualitative aspect The ratio analysis is based on quantitative aspect. It totally ignores qualitative aspect which is sometimes more important than quantitative aspect. Ignorance of price level changes Price level changes make the comparison of figures difficult over a period of time. Before any comparison is made, proper adjustments for price level changes must be made. No single concept In order to calculate any ratio, different firms may take different concepts for different purposes. Some firms take profit before charging interest and tax or profit before tax but after interest tax. This may lead to different results. Misleading results if based on incorrect accounting data Ratios are based on accounting data. They can be useful only when they are based on reliable data. If the data are not reliable, the ratio will be unreliable. No single standard ratio for comparison There is no single standard ratio which is universally accepted and against which a comparison can be made. Standards may differ from Industry to industry. Difficulties in forecasting Ratios are worked out on the basis of past results. As such they do not reflect the present and future position. It may not be desirable to use them for forecasting future events. BALANCE SHEET OF TAJ GROUP OF HOTELS INDIA (RS IN MILLIONS) LIABLITIES MARCH-2011 MARCH-2010 SHARE CAPITAL 62034.50 62033 RESERVES SURPLUS 235011.50 210974.30 NETWORTH SECURED LOANS UNSECURED LOANS 297046 39130.50 230331.30 273007 35205.80 145011.10 TOTAL LIABLITIES 566507.80 453224.20 ASSETS MARCH 2009 MARCH 2008 GROSS BLOCK 200570.10 164795.90 (-)ACC. DEPRECIATION NET BLOCK (A) 90624.70 109945.40 82324.80 82561.10 CAPITAL WORK IN PROGRES (B) 34876.80 43674.50 INVESTMENTS 423717.80 41031.90 INVENTORIES 34804.70 26049.80 SUNDRY DEBTORS 6359.80 5434.80 CASH AND BANK 15906 4650.40 LOANS AND ADVANCES 58846 345828.40 (1) 115916.60 381963.40 CURRENT LIABLITIES 89657.60 684222.60 PROVISIONS 29341.90 29135.20 (2) 118999.50 97557.80 NET CURR ASSETS (1-2) -3082.90 284405.60 MISC. EXPENSES 1050.70 1551.10 ANNUAL PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENT TAJ GROUP OF HOTELS INDIA( RS IN MILLIONS) MARCH- 2009 MARCH-2008 SALES 243483.20 196544.10 OTHER INCOME 3053.60 3472.80 TOTAL INCOME 246536.80 200016.90 RAW MATERIAL COST 82794.40 60248 EXCISE 24952.10 25370.20 OTHER EXPENCES 43972.30 28480.50 OPERATING PROFIT 91764.40 82445.40 INTREST NAME 14895 9290.30 GROSS PROFIT 76869.40 73155.10 DEPRECIATION 9734 8346.10 PROFIT BEF TAX 70189 68281.80 NET PROFIT 49040.30 44479 OTHER NON RECURRING INCOME 2977.10 2391 REPORTED PROFIT 52017.40 46870.30 EQUITY DIVEDEND 11689.50 11689.30 ANALYSIS FOR FINANCIAL RATIOS FOR 2011 RATIO PARTICULARS VALUE CRITIQUE Net Working Capital = Current assets-Current liabilities Current Assets = 115,916.60 Current Liabilities =118,999.50 3082.9 Liquidity available is less 2 Current Ratio =Current Assets Current Liabilities Current Assets = 115,916.60 Current Liabilities = 118,999.50 0.97 It is not safe. Acid test or Quick ratio =Quick Assets Current Liabilities Quick Assets = 81111.9 Current Liabilities =118,999.50 0.68 It is not safe. Debt-Equity Ratio = Long term debt Shareholders Equity Total debt = 269461.8 Shareholder Equity = 297,046.00 0.91 It is good. Interest Coverage = Operating Profit Interest Operating Profit = 91,764.40 Interest = 14,895.00 6.16 It is not safe. Operating Profit margin = Operating Profit ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  - 100 Sales Operating Profit = 91,764.40 Sales = 243,483.20 37 % It is good. Gross Profit margin = Gross Profit ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  - 100 Sales Gross Profit = 76,869.40 Sales = 243,483.20 31.57 % It is good. Net Profit margin = Net profit ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  - 100 Sales Net Profit = 52,017.40 Sales =243,483.20 21.36% It is not good. Return on Assets = Operating Profit ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  - 100 Average Assets Operating Profit = 91,764.40 Average Assets = 616843.75 14.87% It is not good. Return on Investments =Profit Before Tax ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  - 100 Net worth Profit Before Tax = 70189 Net Worth = 297046 23.62% It is not satisfactory Return on Net Worth =Net Profit ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  - 100 Average Net worth Net profit = 49040.30 Average Net Worth = 285026.65 17.20% It is not good. Return on Capital Employed = Operating Profit ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  - 100 Average Capital Employed Operating Profit = 91,764.40 Avg. Capi tal Employed = 725122.4 12.65% It is not good. Operating Ratio = Cost of Goods sold + other Expenses Sales Other Expenses = 43,972.30 0.52 0.52 It is not satisfactory Fixed Assets turnover = sales Fixed assets Fixed Assets = 568540 Sales = 243,483.20 0.42 It is satisfactory ANALYSIS FOR FINANCIAL RATIOS FOR 2010 RATIO PARTICULAR VALUE CRITIQUE Net Working Capital = Current assets-Current liabilities Current Assets = 381963.40 Current Liabilities = 97557.80 284405.6 Liquidity position is good. Current Ratio = Current Assets Current Liabilities Current Assets = 381963.40 Current Liabilities = 97557.80 3.92 It is safe Acid test or Quick ratio = Quick Assets Current Liabilities Quick Assets = 355913.6 Current Liabilities = 97557.80 3.64 It is satisfactory Debt-Equity Ratio = Long term debt Shareholders Equity Total debt = 180216.9 Shareholder Equity = 273007.30 0.66 It is not safe Interest Coverage = Operating profit Interest Operating Profit = 82445.40 Interest = 9290.30 8.87 It is not satisfactory Operating Profit margin = Operating profit ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  - 100 Sales Operating Profit = 82445.40 Sales = 196544.10 41% It is satisfactory Gross Profit margin = Gross profit ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  - 100 Sales Net Profit = 46870.30 Sales =196544.10 23.8% It is not satisfactory Return on Assets = Operating profit ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  - 100 Average Assets Operating Profit = 82445.40 Average Assets = 433708.7 19 % It is not safe. Return on Investments = profit before Tax ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  - 100 Net worth Profit Before Tax = 68281.80 Net Worth = 273007.30 25.01% It is not good Return on Net Worth = Net profit ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  - 100 Average Net worth Net profit = 44479 Average Net Worth = 206984.4 21.48% It is not satisfactory Return on Capital Employed = Operating profit ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  - 100 Average Capital Employed Operating Profit = 82445.40 Avg. Capital Employed = 523886.1 15.73% It is not safe Cost of Goods Sold Ratio =Cost of Goods Sold Sales Cost of goods sold = 60248 Sales = 196544.10 0.30 It is not satisfactory Operating Ratio = Cost of Goods sold + other Expenses Sales Other Expenses = 28480.50 0.45 It is not satisfactory Fixed Assets turnover = sales Fixed assets Fixed Assets = 167267.5 Sales = 196544.10 1.17 It is not safe